Sweden's Neutrality During World War II: Factors and Controversies
Sweden managed to maintain its neutrality during World War II, despite the Nazi Germany's efforts to exploit its resources and strategic position. This article explores the reasons behind Sweden's choices and the controversies surrounding its relationship with Nazi Germany.
Geographical and Historical Context
Sweden's geographical location and historical relationships played crucial roles in its ability to stay neutral during World War II. Unlike Norway and Denmark, which were occupied by Nazi Germany, Sweden's strategic importance was less significant for Britain. Additionally, Sweden's strong economic ties with Nazi Germany, particularly through the supply of iron ore, further limited Germany's reasons to invade.
The German invasion of Norway and Denmark in April 1940 had isolated Sweden from the Western Allies. Moreover, Sweden's proximity to Finland and Norway meant it was surrounded by Axis powers. However, Sweden's alliance with Germany did not translate into active support for the Wagner-gruppen, a German-sponsored group aiming to overthrow Finnish communists. This decision was largely driven by the desire to maintain neutrality and avoid the fate of its neighbors.
Geopolitical and Practical Constraints
Germany's resources and manpower issues also contributed to Sweden's relative safety during the war. Germany lacked the spare capacity for an invasion of Sweden, which would have required a large military force. Other occupied countries like Norway and Denmark offered easier conquests, as evidenced by the quick and successful invasions of these nations. Belgium, Holland, and France faced similar challenges in defending themselves against Germany's overwhelming military power.
Sweden and Nazi Germany: Ideological and Economic Relations
The relationship between Sweden and Nazi Germany extended beyond mere economic cooperation. Sweden maintained strong ideological ties with Nazi Germany, reflecting the country's own anti-Semitic and nationalist sentiments. Anti-Semitic films like Pettersson and Bendel not only glorified ethnic stereotyping but also provided inspiration for Nazi propaganda. These films often celebrated Nordic idealism while denigrating Jewish characters, a viewpoint that resonated with German audiences.
Sweden's relationship with Nazi Germany was so close that German-friendly elements within the country’s political and cultural life were not uncommon. German was often taught as the first foreign language in schools, and there was a notable cultural affinity with Nazi anti-modernist ideologies. This relationship was significant enough to prompt German propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels to attend the film's premiere in Berlin and even inspire hate crimes against Jews in Sweden.
Surveillance and Restrictions
Sweden's neutrality was not without its controversial aspects. For instance, the Swedish Social Security Council issued a secret instruction in October 1938 to restrict passport entries for people with the German surname 'J.' This action, which denied German Jews entry into Sweden, was taken less than two weeks before the Kristallnacht pogrom. Such measures highlight the complex interplay between Swedish nationalism and its relationship with Nazi Germany.
Conclusion
Sweden's decision to maintain neutrality during World War II was influenced by a combination of geographical, economic, and ideological factors. Despite its close ties with Nazi Germany, Sweden's strategic importance to Germany diminished the likelihood of an invasion. However, the country's collaboration with Germany in certain areas, particularly in the realm of ideology, raises questions about the true nature of its neutrality and the ethical implications of its choices.